How to treat nausea and vomiting?
If you want to want to know How to treat nausea and vomiting then visit this post.In this post you will find best and proper way to treat nausea and vomiting.
Nausea :
Nausea is a vague intensely disagreeable sensation of sickness or "queasiness"and is distinguishable from anorexia.
Vomiting often follows,as does retching (spasmodic respiratory and abdominal movements). Vomiting should be distinguished from regurgitation,the effortless reflux of liquid or food stomach contents and from rumination,the chewing and swallowing of food that is regurgitated volitionally after meals.
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| Vomiting |
Symptoms:
Acute symptoms without abdominal pain are typically caused by food poisoning, infectious gastroenteritis, drugs,or systemic illness.
Complications:
Complications include dehydration, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, aspiration, rupture of the esophagus and bleeding secondary to a mucosal tear at the gastroesophageal junction.
Treatment of nausea and vomiting:
A.General measures:
Most causes of acute vomiting pare mild and self limited and require no specific treatment.
Patient should intake clear liquid(tea, soups, carbonated beverages). Ginger may be an useful non pharmacologic treatment. For more severe acute vomiting hospitalization may be required.
B. Antiemetic medications:
Medications may be given either to control or to prevent vomiting. Combinations of drugs from different classes may provide better control of symptoms with less toxicity in some paitents
1.Seretonin 5HT-3 serotonin receptor antagonist:
Ondansetron, granisetron, dolasetron, palonosetron are effective in preventing chemotherapy and radiation-induced emesis when initiated prior to treatment.
Due to its prolonged half life and internalization of the 5HT-3 receptor palonosetron is superior to other 5HT-3 receptor antagonists for the prevention of the acute and dalayed chemotherapy induced from moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapeutic regimens.
Although 5HT-3 receptor antagonists are effective as single agents for the prevention of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting, their efficiency is enhanced by combination therapy with corticosteroid and NK1 receptor antagonist.
Seretonin antagonists increasingly are used for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting.
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2.Corticosteroids:
Corticosteroid (dexamethasone) have antiemetic properties.These agents enhance the efficiency of serotonin receptor antagonists for preventing acute and delayed nausea and vomiting in patients receiving moderately to highly emetogenic chemotherapy regimens.
3. Neurokinin receptor antagonists:
Aprepitant , fosaprepitant , and rolapitant are highly selective antagonists for NK1 receptors in the area postrema.
They are used in combination with corticosteroids and serotonin antagonists for the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting with highly emetogenic chemotherapy regimens.
4.Dopamine antagonists:
The phenothiazines , butyrophenones and substituted benzamides(pro chlorperazine,pro methazine) have antiemetic properties that are due to dopaminergic blockade as well as to their sedative effects.
5. Antihistamines and anticholinergics:
These drugs(example, meclizine, dimenhydrinate,transdermal scopolamine )may be valuable in the prevention of vomiting arising from stimulation of the labyrinth that is motion sickness,vertigo,and migraines.
6.Cannabinoids:
Marijuana has been used widely as an appetite stimulant and antiemetic.Pure Delta^9 tetrahydrocannabinol is the major active ingredient in marijuana and the most psychoactive and is available by prescription as dronabinol.
In doses of 5-15 mg /m^2 oraldronabinol is effective in treating nausea associated with chemotherapy,but it is associated with Central nervous system side effects in most paitents.
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